Primary Sources
This page contains links to the freely accessible e-texts of some of W.E.B. Du Bois' writings. I have also included a few secondary sources, such as commentaries and discussions, which concentrate on a particular DuBoisian work. Also, some hyperlinks point to audio and video presentations. In general, the works contained below are arranged in chronological order from earliest to latest.
The first section below presents links to online bibliographies of DuBois's works as well as links to web pages describing the collections of his works at various physical repositories.
In the next section below comes a listing of primary texts written by DuBois as well as any related materials by him or other authors. The following drop-down menus provide an easy way to peruse the items listed on this web page; by clicking the desired selection one can jump to view its details. The primary sources include:
Because many of Du Bois's publications are not—or at least not yet—available on the Internet, I do not claim to provide a full and complete listing of all of his works. I will, however, add more links to re/sources as I find them on the Web.
LATEST LINK (As of 1 January 2010)
A Primary Source
I have posted an internal link below to a page on this site presenting Du Bois's essay, "The Development of a People" (1904).
The first section below presents links to online bibliographies of DuBois's works as well as links to web pages describing the collections of his works at various physical repositories.
In the next section below comes a listing of primary texts written by DuBois as well as any related materials by him or other authors. The following drop-down menus provide an easy way to peruse the items listed on this web page; by clicking the desired selection one can jump to view its details. The primary sources include:
Because many of Du Bois's publications are not—or at least not yet—available on the Internet, I do not claim to provide a full and complete listing of all of his works. I will, however, add more links to re/sources as I find them on the Web.
— Robert W. Williams, Ph.D. [Bio]
LATEST LINK (As of 1 January 2010)
A Primary Source
Bibliographies and Collections of Du Bois's Works
http://www.depauw.edu/library/collectiondev/duboisbib.asp
[Detailed listing in English of Du Bois' authored and edited books]
http://www.kfunigraz.ac.at/sozwww/agsoe/lexikon/klassiker/dubois/11bib.htm
[very extensive listing]
http://www.libs.uga.edu/gawriters/dubois.html
http://www.founders.howard.edu/Reference/Webliographies/DuBois/
[Also: http://www.howard.edu/library/Reference/Guides/DuBois/default.htm]
[Citation: McDonnell, Robert W. 1980. "The W.E.B. Du Bois Papers." The Crisis, 87:9 (November): 359-364].
http://books.google.com/books?id=NCoEAAAAMBAJ...pg=PA359....
http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/collections/dubois/duboisguide.pdf
[Note: 12 MB PDF file]
at the Five College Archives & Manuscript Collections site
http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/ead/dubois.htm
http://webtext.library.yale.edu/xml2html/beinecke.DUBOIS.con.html
—————
Primary Sources by DuBois and Related Materials
[Arranged chronologically from earliest to latest]
[Arranged chronologically from earliest to latest]
My Dear Mr. Washington:
Let me heartlily congratulate you upon your
phenomenal success at Atlanta -- it was a word
fitly spoken.
Sincerely Yours,
W.E.B. Du Bois
Wilberforce, 24 Sept., '95
The Booker T. Washington Era
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart6.html#0606
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-sast.html
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-AtlUniv.html
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DubFarm.html
In the "Notes" section of The Yale Review, Vol. 6 (February 1898) we find an anonymously written piece, "The Bulletins of the Department of Labor". The one-paragraph note indicates the social-scientific importance of The Negroes of Farmville, Virginia, but does not refer to Du Bois by name (p. 437):
The Bulletins of the Department of Labor for November, 1897, and January, 1898, contain valuable studies of especial classes of the population. The former has articles on the Italians in Chicago, and on the Anthracite Mine Laborers, while the latter treats in a special paper of the Negroes of Farmville. These special studies are a valuable supplement to the general statistics published by the Department of Labor as well as by the Census Bureau for the entire country. Mass figures, if they are to be made of any use, must be interpreted in the light of detailed study of specific classes and localities, and Col. Wright is giving great value to the Bulletin of the Department of Labor by inspiring such investigations. [Note: With the exception of the boldface at the beginning of this short note, nothing else was put in bold or even italic lettering. — RWW]
Page 437 in the full text of the periodical (at Google Books)
http://books.google.com/books?id=SFsCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA437....
Charles Edward Burrell, in his A History of Prince Edward County, Virginia, from Its Formation in 1753 to the Present (Richmond, VA: Williams Printing Co.,1922), covered the history of the county in which Farmville is located. While Burrell discussed African Americans in the county (search for the word "Negro"), his overall -- and patronizing -- perspective is evident in his justification of the disfranchisement of African American males (see, e.g.,
"Interview with Bancroft Winner Melvin Patrick Ely" (dated 23 May 2005):
Dr. Ely [faculty page 1; page 2] discusses the African American town of
http://hnn.us/articles/11823.html
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-phila.html
Du Bois read "To the Nations of the World" on the closing day of the conference. The colonial powers were asked to preserve the independence of the free peoples of Africa and African descent, and to treat humanely their subjects in Africa and of African heritage around the world. The address is also notable for the second sentence of its first paragraph (which is quoted in its entirety here):
"In the metropolis of the modern world, in this the closing year of the Nineteenth Century, there has been assembled a Congress of men and women of African blood, to deliberate solemnly upon the present situation and outlook of the darker races of mankind. The problem of the Twentieth Century is the problem of the color line, the question as to how far differences of race, which show themselves chiefly in the color of the skin and the texture of the hair, are going to be made, hereafter, the basis of denying to over half the world the right of sharing to their utmost ability the opportunities and privileges of modern civilization."
The "problem of the color line" later appeared in Du Bois' "The Freedmen's Bureau" (1901) and in Chapter 2 of The Souls of Black Folk (1903).
http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/walters/walters.html#walt257
[Alternate web page with DuBois's address]
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-1900exp.html
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-souls.html
http://www.webdubois.org/dbTalentedTenth.html
http://www.archive.org/details/negroproblemseri00washrich [Download page]
http://www.gutenberg.org/.../.../15041-h/15041-h.htm#The_Talented_Tenth
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=174
The Rev. Henry Lyman Morehouse wrote an essay in 1896 that is considered to have originated the term, the "talented tenth". Initially published in the periodical, The Independent (23 April 1896, p.1), Morehouse's "The Talented Tenth" can be found in The American Missionary, 50:6 (June 1896):
http://www.webdubois.org/MorehouseTalentedTenth.html
In the "Talented Tenth", an encyclopedia entry by Dr. Christopher George Buck [home page], Buck compares DuBois's use of the idea of a Talented Tenth with Alain Locke's more international application of it. The citation: pp.1295-7 in Richard T. Schaefer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society, v.3 (Sage Publications, 2008).
http://christopherbuck.com/Buck_PDFs/Buck_Talented-Tenth_2008.pdf
http://www.webdubois.org/dbAtlantaConfs.html
Let me for a moment recapitulate. In the life of advancing
peoples there must go on simultaneously a struggle for existence,
accumulation of wealth, education of the young, and a
development in culture and the higher things of life. The
more backward the nation the larger sum of effort goes into
the struggle for existence; the more forward the nation the
larger and broader is the life of the spirit. For guidance, in
taking these steps in civilization, the nation looks to four
sources: the precepts of parents, the sight of seers, the opinion
of the majority and the traditions of the past. [Par.37]
http://www.webdubois.org/dbDevOfAPeople.html
(Original citation: Pp. 69-98 in U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor. Bureau of the Census. Negroes in the United States. Bulletin 8. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904).
Du Bois' piece is the second of two essays plus many pages of data in tabular format -- all of which utilized data from the 1900 U.S. Census (the Twelfth Census). The first essay was written by Walter F. Willcox; it is entitled "The Negro Population" (pp. 11-68) and summarizes demographic and occupational data gathered from the 1900 U.S. Census.
In his essay Du Bois examined a variety of data, including farm distribution by geographic region, the sources of farm income, and the classification of farms by land tenure. He pointed out that in many Southern states Black farmers contributed much to the rural economy, especially through their operation of farms
http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC17432508...pg=RA1-PA69....
[About-This-Book page at Google Book Search]
[Note 1: The full text is downloadable as a PDF file (approx. 35 MB)]
[Note 2: Du Bois' essay is complete, but the file is missing some pages.]
Charles D. Edgerton. Review of Negroes in the United States. By Walter F. Willcox and W. E. Burghardt Du Bois. Bulletin 8, Bureau of the Census. Washington, 1904 [Citation: Publications of the American Statistical Association, New Series, v. IX, No. 69, (March 1905): 182-191].
In general, Edgerton commended the new data published in the report by Willcox and Du Bois, as well as the useful ways in which the presentation of the data made comparisons over time and region easier (p. 183). He made suggestions about data that should be collected during later censuses. Regarding Du Bois and the necessity for a "textual interpretation" of census data, Edgerton wrote:
No man, perhaps, is better equipped than Professor Du Bois to interpret the economic situation of the negro peasantry. Not so much because he possesses some negro blood, and under our social conventions is accounted a negro. He was born in Massachusetts, not among the cabins of the cotton kingdom; and his spiritual affinity, if not with his white kin rather than his black, is at least with the instructed rather than the simple. But, after his sociological training at Harvard and Berlin, and after his service at the University of Pennsylvania, he turned to work for the negroes of the South. He has studied their condition with a trained eye and a passionate interest. He has been the moving spirit of the Atlanta negro conferences. He has directed the valuable investigations of special topics, such as the college-bred negro, the negro common schools, and negroes in business, the results of which have been published by Atlanta University. His more personal observations and conclusions have been given in various magazines, and in his book, "The Souls of Black Folk." His studies illuminate those data of the agricultural census which most need to be interpreted in the light of facts beyond the field of the enumerator, -- such data as those of ownership, forms of tenancy, and sizes of farms.
[Notes: Quotation is located on pp. 188-189. Also to be stated is that "Negro" was not capitalized in the original. — RWW]
http://books.google.com/...id=2U1EAAAAIAAJ&pg=PPA182.... [Start page]
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-AtlUniv.html#aufsts
http://www.library.umass.edu/spcoll/digital/niagara.htm
Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, the journal of the Afro-American Historical Association of the Niagara Frontier [website], published five articles relating to the Niagara Movement in the July 2008 issue. They are accessible online at FindArticles.com:
(a) "Introduction to the Niagara Movement Special Issue" by Felix Armfield;
(b) "The Niagara Movement of 1905: A Look Back to a Century Ago" by Kyle D. Wolf;
(c) "African American Women and the Niagara Movement, 1905-1909" by Anita Nahal and Lopez D. Matthews, Jr.;
(d) "The Question of Color-Blind Citizenship: Albion Tourgee, W.E.B. Du Bois and the Principles of the Niagara Movement" by Mark Elliott; and
(e) "Coming of the Race: Kelly Miller and Two Historically Black Colleges and Universities in the Niagara Movement Era" by Ida Jones.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SAF/is_2_32
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=496
http://www.wfu.edu/users/zulick/341/niagara.html
In this long essay, Du Bois continued his practice of using different publishing venues to communicate information about African Americans, especially the progress made in economic and educational terms as well as the impediments to African American success within U.S. society and politics. He provided an overview of the economic history of blacks in America, first in terms of a slave economy, and later under different forms of tenant farming. He analyzed the negative consequences of the convict labor system, especially with regard to its tendency to undermine the legitimacy of the criminal justice system due to the sham legal proceedings often associated with it (p. 256). Du Bois also offered details on the industrial condition of Blacks with particular emphasis on labor unions and the discriminatory practices of some unions. Turning to political history he covered the long struggle for voting rights and the various ways that African Americans had been hindered from exercising their franchise, including those practiced by state governments. Du Bois explicitly connected race, class, and politics: "[T]he fact that there is in America a proscribed race also makes it easier to proscribe classes, and class privileges are responsible for the fact that Negroes find deaf ears for their wishes." (p. 284)
DuBois ended with a moral appeal grounded in the data that he had presented throughout the essay (p. 287):
The fact of racial antipathy is as old as the interaction of people with one another. But the history of the centuries is the history of the discovery of the human soul and in every age the curse of the average person was his own narrowness, his blindness toward the riches that surrounded him, the notion that his own narrow heart and his small mind are the measure and borders of the universe. Above all in our days we do not want to forget the trivial observation that even in the nooks and alleys, and under threadbare clothing, lay hidden riches and depths of human life that we will perhaps never experience in ourselves.
In the struggle for his human rights the American Negro relies above all on the feeling of justice in the civilized world. We are no barbarians or heathen, we are educable and our education is increasing; our economic abilities have proven themselves. We too want to have our chance in life. Whoever wants to get acquainted with our living conditions, be welcome; we demand nothing other than that one gets acquainted with us honestly and face to face, and does not judge us according to hearsay or according to the verdict of our despisers.
Note by Robert Williams:In the struggle for his human rights the American Negro relies above all on the feeling of justice in the civilized world. We are no barbarians or heathen, we are educable and our education is increasing; our economic abilities have proven themselves. We too want to have our chance in life. Whoever wants to get acquainted with our living conditions, be welcome; we demand nothing other than that one gets acquainted with us honestly and face to face, and does not judge us according to hearsay or according to the verdict of our despisers.
Joseph Fracchia [department page] offers us a nicely rendered translation; he appends several translator's endnotes that amplify or clarify several aspects of the original DuBoisian text. The translation is contained within a special issue of the New Centennial Review on Du Bois that is edited by Nahum Dimitri Chandler. Other pieces in this issue are written by Nahum D. Chandler, Hortense J. Spillers, Nicole A. Waligora-Davis, Rebecka Rutledge Fisher, Karen E. Fields, and Jeremy W. Pope. The entire issue and individual articles can be purchased either in print form or else in downloadable PDF files. For purchases one would need first to use the "Table of Contents" drop-down menu list located on the navigation bar and select "Volume 6, Number 3 (2006)". After the contents of that particular issue are displayed, one then can make purchase choices.
[For the German language original go to Google Books: Start page,
or the entire volume's About-this-book page; another digital copy.]
http://docsouth.unc.edu/church/washdubo/menu.html
[A]s a subtle and far-reaching blend of blood, you have in many great white men this negro element coming in to color and make wonderful the genius which they had -[-] a fact which was as true of Robert Browning and Alexander Hamilton as it was of Lew Wallace and a great many other Americans who may wish to have it forgotten. To train this talent we need colleges. We ask these things not because we want to be helped, but that we may help ourselves."
John Brown taught us that the cheapest price to pay for liberty is its cost to-day. The building of barriers against the advance of Negro-Americans hinders but in the end cannot altogether stop their progress. The excuse of benevolent tutelage cannot be urged, for that tutelage is not benevolent that does not prepare for free responsible manhood. Nor can the efficiency of greed as an economic developer be proven -- it may hasten development but it does so at the expense of solidity of structure, smoothness of motion, and real efficiency. Nor does selfish exploitation help the undeveloped; rather it hinders and weakens them. [pp. 395-6]
In an article entitled "John Brown" C.B. Galbreath surveyed various works on that historical person (in Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, v.30 (1921): 184-289). DuBois's biography was acknowledged in a positive but also patronizing way, as conveyed by this quotation presented here in its entirety and verbatim:
There is a life of John Brown by W. E. B. DuBois, the colored scholar and author, which is well worth reading. It may be regarded as an index of the ultimate attitude of the race for which Kansas bled and the gallows of Virginia ushered in the tragic drama of the Civil War. DuBois's book does credit to himself and his people. It reflects their gratitude for liberation from bondage, and the estimate of Brown's followers who fought to accomplish this is thoughtful and conservative. It is evident, however, that the author has in mind the present and future of his race and a somber appreciation of prejudices to be overcome and wrongs to be righted. He insists that the negro [sic] still suffers grievous injustice; that the times call for another John Brown to batter down the walls and break the fetters that deprive his people of the rights and opportunities which should be theirs under our institutions. He has a grievance to present and a purpose to accomplish; he gets a hearing through his ably written biography of John Brown, even as Charles Sumner in his scholarly lecture on Lafayette found an avenue for an attack on the institution of slavery. [Note: "Negro" is not capitalized in the original. — RWW]
Page 195 in the full text of the periodical [Article's start page]
http://books.google.com/books?id=Guu7AAAAIAAJ. . .#PPA195
[Another digital copy]
This, then, is the transformation of the negro in America in fifty years: from slavery to freedom, from 4,000,000 to 10,000,000, from denial of citizenship to enfranchisement, from being owned chattels to ownership of $600,000,000 in property, from unorganized irresponsibility to organized group life, from being spoken for to speaking, from contemptuous forgetfulness on the part of their neighbors to uneasy fear and dawning respect, and from inarticulate complaint to self-expression and dawning consciousness of manhood.
http://partners.nytimes.com/books/00/11/05/specials/dubois-fifty.html
[Booker T. Washington's "Negro Four Years Hence" is also published here.]
This is an anonymously written article that contains the text of a speech delivered by Du Bois at the Lyceum Club in London on 26 June 1911. The speech took place prior to the start of the First Universal Races Congress which was held at the University of London on July 26-29, 1911.
[Citation: Anonymous. 1911. "The First Universal Race Congress in London, England." The American Missionary, 45:9 (September): 323-324].
http://digitaldurham.duke.edu/hueism.php?x=printedwork&id=214 [Start page]
http://womenshistory.about.com/.../etext/bl_crisis_1912a.htm?terms=dubois
Sir: Your inauguration to the Presidency of the United States is to the colored people, to the white South and to the nation a momentous occasion.
[Note: the transcription error in the first sentence of the online text has been corrected in the quotation above.]
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1114
"Du Bois and the Question of the Color Line: Race and Class in the Age of Globalization" by Maulana Karenga (Socialism and Democracy Online, Issue 33 [Vol. 17, No. 1]). Karenga examines Du Bois' "The African Roots of War", among other Du Boisian texts, in order to better situate our current era of globalization within its historical context. According to Karenga, Du Bois set forth several paradoxes in "African Roots":
"The first paradox is the pursuit of peace in the midst of imperialist expansion."
[. . . .]
"The second paradox Du Bois identifies as that of 'democratic despotism,' an ongoing brutal domination masked in the disguise and discourse of democracy.
[. . . .]
[The 3rd is] "the paradox of 'civilized savagery' or savagery in the midst of
claims to civilization."
Karenga also outlines the principles offered by Du Bois through which a more just world can be created. In his words:
"...Du Bois embraces three major initiatives reflective of his commitment to
freedom, justice and equality of the peoples of color and humanity as a whole.
These are socialism, the peace movement, and Pan-Africanism."
http://sdonline.org/33/maulana_karenga.htm
[. . . .] If we turn to easily available statistics we find that instead of the women of this country or of any other country being confined chiefly to childbearing they are as a matter of fact engaged and engaged successfully in practically every pursuit in which men are engaged. The actual work of the world today depends more largely upon women than upon men. Consequently this man-ruled world faces an astonishing dilemma: either Woman the Worker is doing the world's work successfully or not. If she is not doing it well why do we not take from her the necessity of working? If she is doing it well why not treat her as a worker with a voice in the direction of work?
The statement that woman is weaker than man is sheer rot: It is the same sort of thing that we hear about "darker races" and "lower classes." Difference, either physical or spiritual, does not argue weakness or inferiority.
The statement that woman is weaker than man is sheer rot: It is the same sort of thing that we hear about "darker races" and "lower classes." Difference, either physical or spiritual, does not argue weakness or inferiority.
www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/164.html
[ Another site for Du Bois' essay: Alternate ]
http://nzdl.sadl.uleth.ca/...library...HASH013a0e32d42802eeef902fb9
[ Alternate web site for Millers' essay: Site ]
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/15359
[Access to the NY Times web site may require free registration]
http://www.nytimes.com/books/00/11/05/specials/dubois-negro.html
[Project Gutenberg text]
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/13642/13642-h/13642-h.htm#a2-6-1
"The Heart of the World" is an unpublished version of an Afterword written by Robert Gregg for a University of Pennsylvania edition of The Negro
http://loki.stockton.edu/~greggr/heart.htm
"We must defend ourselves, our homes, our wives and children against the
lawless without stint or hesitation: but we must carefully and scrupulously
avoid on our own part bitter and unjustifiable aggression against anybody."
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5128/
This collection of DuBois' essays and short fictional works offers compelling ideas about a range of topics, including democracy, women's issues, and the idea of whiteness, among others.
Table of Contents for Darkwater:
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-darkwater.html
DESIGNED FOR ALL CHILDREN BUT ESPECIALLY FOR OURS.
It aims to be a thing of Joy and Beauty, dealing in Happiness, Laughter, and Emulation, and designed especially for Kiddies from Six to Sixteen.
It will seek to teach Universal Love and Brotherhood for all little folk--black and brown and yellow and white.
Of course, pictures, stories, letters frrom little ones, games and oh--everything!
The monthly periodical ran from Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1920) through Vol. 2, It aims to be a thing of Joy and Beauty, dealing in Happiness, Laughter, and Emulation, and designed especially for Kiddies from Six to Sixteen.
It will seek to teach Universal Love and Brotherhood for all little folk--black and brown and yellow and white.
Of course, pictures, stories, letters frrom little ones, games and oh--everything!
http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/ser.01351 [to view the page images online]
[Or download the 2 volumes as an approx. 350 MB PDF file]
A web site, "The Brownies' Book", created by by Jennifer Pricola, as part of an American Studies course at the University of Virginia
http://xroads.virginia.edu/~MA03/pricola/Brownies/
"The Brownies' Book: Challenge to the Selective Tradition in Children's Literature" written ca. 1984 by Violet Harris [faculty page] is available for download at ERIC (Education Resources Information Center)
http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/. . . .&accno=ED284167
http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/harlem/DubGiftF.html
Aljenfawi, Khaled. 2005. "Art as Propaganda: Didacticism and Lived Experience." Afro-Americans in New York Life and History, January.
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0SAF/is_1_29/ai_n12417355/
Schuyler, George S. 1926. "The Negro-Art Hokum."
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5129/
[Another online site]
Hughes, Langston. 1926. "The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain."
http://www.thenation.com/docprint.mhtml?i=19260623&s=hughes
[Other online sites: first, second, and third]
http://dli.iiit.ac.in/. . ./152796_OU_What_The_Negro_Wants [Citation page]
http://dli.iiit.ac.in/. . ./. . ./. . .barcode=152796 [Start page for text]
* Note 1: Du Bois' essay begins on page 63 of the digital document.
* Note 2: the default setting of the viewer at the Digital Library of India is to display a TIFF image file, which on my computer pops up a dialogue box asking how I wish to access the TIFF file. I cancel this dialog box and, from the viewer interface, I select "HTML" from a drop-down menu box containing possible viewing formats.
* Note 3: This anthology also contains essays by Mary McLeod Bethune, Sterling A. Brown, Gordon B. Hancock, Leslie Pinckney Hill, Langston Hughes, Rayford W. Logan, Frederick D. Patterson, A. Philip Randolph, George S. Schuyler, Willard S. Townsend, Charles H. Wesley, Doxey A. Wilkerson, and Roy Wilkins.
http://www.monthlyreview.org/0403dubois.htm
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_11_54/ai_100389494/print
http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1132/is_n1_v41/ai_7576185/print
www.marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/amersocialist/amersoc_5601-a.htm
In 1956, I shall not go to the polls. I have not registered. I believe that democracy has so far disappeared in the United States that no "two evils" exist. There is but one evil party with two names, and it will be elected despite all I can do or say. There is no third party. On the Presidential ballot in a few states (seventeen in 1952), a "Socialist" Party will appear. Few will hear its appeal because it will have almost no opportunity to take part in the campaign and explain its platform. If a voter organizes or advocates a real third-party movement, he may be accused of seeking to overthrow this government by "force and violence." Anything he advocates by way of significant reform will be called "Communist"....
http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/classes/....LetterOfApplicationToTheCommunistParty
"Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois Joins Communist Party at 93" -- a New York Times article by Peter Kihss published on 23 November 1961
http://partners.nytimes.com/books/00/11/05/specials/dubois-communist.html
http://www.webdubois.org/wdb-ency.html
The full citation is: Du Bois, W. E. B. 1968. The Autobiography of W.E.B. DuBois: A Soliloquy on Viewing My Life from the Last Decade of Its First Century. NY: International Publishers.
http://media.pfeiffer.edu/lridener/DSS/#dubois
[Now defunct URL: <http://www2.pfeiffer.edu/~lridener/DSS/INDEX.HTML#dubois>]
http://www.bolender.com/Sociological%20Theory/DuBois
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